Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Wessner 2e
Chapter Number: 24

Question Type: Multiple Choice

1) Which of these curative methods was NOT employed in past centuries?

a)	Bloodletting
b)	Use of purgatives
c)	Religious procedures such as exorcisms
d)	Use of herbal remedies
e)	Administration of purified molecular compounds

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.1 Discuss the prevalence of bacterial disease throughout history, giving examples of early medical treatments.

2) The original meaning of antibiotic was:

a) any compound that will kill viruses or bacteria.
b) any compound that will kill microbes.
c) any compound produced by a microbe that will kill another microbe.
d) any compound produced by a microbe that will kill a virus.
e) any compound that will only kill bacteria.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

3) Many antibiotics that are used today are semi-synthetic. Modification of the original antibiotic is done to improve one or more of the following characteristics except ….

a) increased stability.
b) improved resistance to modifying enzymes.
c) decreased toxicity.
d) decreased absorption.
e) increased spectrum of activity.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

4) Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derivative of penicillin G. Ampicillin is acid-resistant, whereas penicillin G is not resistant to acid. Why is this important?

a) Ampicillin is resistant to β-lactamases.
b) Ampicillin can be taken orally.
c) Ampicillin is effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
d) Ampicillin is less toxic.
e) Ampicillin is more stable in solution.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

5) The mode of action of β-lactam antibiotics in bacteria is directed against:

a) cell membrane synthesis.
b) peptidoglycan synthesis.
c) protein synthesis.
d) transcription.
e) DNA replication.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

6) The mode of action of aminoglycosides is to inhibit __________ synthesis.

a) protein
b) RNA
c) DNA
d) membrane
e) peptidoglycan

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

7) β-lactam antibiotics bind to proteins located within the cell wall known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The enzymatic action of PBPs is to function as a(a)…

a) ATP kinase.
b) dehydrogenase.
c) transpeptidase.
d) hydrolase.
e) isomerase.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

8) Many aminoglycosides are toxic to humans because they:

a) interfere with lipid synthesis in human cells.
b) disrupt kidney function.
c) interfere with protein synthesis in human cells.
d) cause the heart to beat abnormally.
e) block DNA replication in human cells.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

9) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target protein synthesis?

a) aminoglycosides
b) macrolides
c) tetracylcines
d) rifamycins
e) chloramphenicols

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

10) The mode of action of quinolones is to inhibit:

a) protein synthesis.
b) DNA synthesis
c) cell wall synthesis.
d) amino acid transport.
e) transcription.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

11) The mode of action of sulfa drugs is to inhibit …

a) peptidoglycan synthesis.
b) folic acid biosynthesis.
c) transcription.
d) tryptophan biosynthesis.
e) protein synthesis.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

12) Azoles are a class of antifungal drugs that target ___________ biosynthesis, causing cell membrane disruption.

a) sterol
b) glycerol
c) fatty acid
d) transport protein
e) folic acid

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

13) Metronidazole or “Flagyl” is commonly used to treat some _____________ infections.

a) viral
b) fungal
c)anaerobic bacterial
d) aerobic bacterial
e) ear

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

14) Acyclovir is a commonly used anti-herpes drug. It is a structural analog of dideoxyguanine. You would expect this drug to interfere with …

a) viral capsid assembly.
b) viral RNA replication.
c) viral DNA replication.
d) transcription of viral DNA.
e) retroviral replication

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

15) Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV infections. AZT is somewhat selective for use in HIV treatment because it has an affinity for the viral enzyme

a) RNA polymerase.
b) DNA polymerase.
c) topoisomerase.
d) reverse transcriptase.
e) neuraminidase.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

16) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target nucleic acid synthesis?

a) sulfonamides
b) quinolones
c) tetracylcines
d) rifamycins
e) trimethoprim

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

17) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target peptidoglycan synthesis?

a) penicillin
b) quinolones
c) ampicillin
d) vancomycin
e) cephalosporin

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

18) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target peptidoglycan synthesis?

a) monobactams
b) kanamycin
c) bacitracin
d) vancomycin
e) carbapenems

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

19) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target DNA synthesis?

a) nalidixic acid
b) quinolones
c) oxolinic acid
d) rifamycins
e) ciproflaxin

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

20) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target the 50S ribosomal subunit activities?

a) sulfonamides
b) chloramphenicol
c) erythromycin
d) carbomycin
e) spectinomycin

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

21) Which one of the following classes of antibacterial drugs listed below does not target the 30S ribosomal subunit activities?

a) tetracycline
b) doxycycline
c) oxytetracycline
d) carbomycin
e) all target the 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

22) Which one of the following is not a mechanism of antimicrobial drug resistance?

a) enzymatic inactivation of the drug
b) removal of the drug from inside the cell
c) blocking the uptake of the drug into the cell
d) incorporation of the drug into cell material
e) alteration of the drug’s target site

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

23) An R-plasmid was found in a strain of Salmonella typhi that conferred resistance to a β-lactam antibiotic. Most likely, this plasmid contained a gene that encoded for a/an …

a) penicillin binding protein.
b) β-lactamase.
c) efflux pump.
d) phosphotransferase enzyme.
e) acetyltransferase enzyme.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

24) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has acquired the mecA gene from an unknown source. This gene encodes for a methicillin resistant …

a) efflux protein.
b) penicillin-binding protein.
c) β-lactamase.
d) acetyltransferase.
e) porin.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

25) The enzyme chloramphenicol _______________ is encoded by a gene commonly found on some R-plasmids and covalently modifies chloramphenicol so it can longer bind to its target site.

a) phophoryltransferase
b) hydrolase
c) dehydrogenase
d) isomerase
e) acetyltransferase

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

26) The two most common ways drug resistant bacteria may develop in a person taking an antimicrobial drug are :

a) the bacteria acquire an R-plasmid during this period of time and some of the bacteria developed a resistance mutation.
b) the bacteria acquire an R-plasmid during this period of time and the person may be immunocompromised.
c) some of the bacteria develop a resistance mutation and the person may be immunocompromised.
d) the person may be immunocompromised and the person did not properly take the antimicrobial drug.
e) the person did not properly take the antimicrobial drug and some of the bacteria developed a resistance mutation.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

27) Mutational resistance to an antimicrobial drug usually occurs …

a) only in the presence of the drug.
b) spontaneously in the absence of the drug.
c) in the presence of the drug and a mutagen.
d) as a result of horizontal gene transfer.
e) only in the presence of a mutagen.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

28) Antimicrobial drug resistance due to the acquisition of new genes occurs in bacteria by the following mechanism(s)

a) conjugation.
b) conjugation and transposition.
c) conjugation and transduction.
d) transduction and transposition.
e) conjugation, transposition, and transduction.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

29) All of the following are approaches used to help reduce the incidence of antimicrobial drug resistance except …

a) the use of very high concentrations of the drug.
b) use of a narrow spectrum antibiotic to treat a specific infection.
c) use of a combination of antibiotics.
d) good hygiene, such as frequent hand washing to prevent the spread of drug resistant microbes.
e) the use of antibiotics only when absolutely necessary.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

30) The three main factors associated with the development of an epidemic are:

a) host factors, agent factors, and treatment factors.
b) host factors, treatment factors, and environmental factors.
c) treatment factors, agent factors, and environmental factors.
d) host factors, agent factors, and environmental factors.
e) host factors, agent factors, and risk factors.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.4 Explain how infectious microbes may spread through a population and the methods used to control this spread.

31) Control strategies that may be used to control yellow fever are:

a) vaccination and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
b) use of antibiotics and vaccination.
c) use of antibiotics and destruction of mosquito breeding grounds.
d) frequent hand washing and vaccination.
e) frequent hand washing and use of antibiotics.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.4 Explain how infectious microbes may spread through a population and the methods used to control this spread.

32) The best way to prevent a cholera epidemic is:

a) prophylactic use of antibiotics.
b) frequent hand washing.
c) proper drinking water treatment.
d) quarantine of infected individuals.
e) vaccination.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.4 Explain how infectious microbes may spread through a population and the methods used to control this spread.

33) The attack rate in a population of 200,000 individuals is estimated to be 10%.  What is the incidence?

a)	20
b)	100
c)	20,000
d)	5,000
e)	200,000

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.4 Explain how infectious microbes may spread through a population and the methods used to control this spread.

34) The smallpox vaccination used by Jenner is best described as a(an) …

a) attenuated vaccine.
b) subunit vaccine.
c) polysaccharide vaccine.
d) killed vaccine.
e) DNA vaccine.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

35) The first pertussis vaccine produced used killed whole cells of Bordetella pertussis. A major problem with this vaccine was it …

a) would only produce weak immunity against the pathogen.
b) would only produce a cell-mediated immune response.
c) caused severe side-effects in some individuals.
d) required yearly booster shots.
e) was only effective in about half the population.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

36) The reason for the severe side effects seen with the first pertussis vaccine was:

a)	incorrect strains of B. pertussis were used
b)	too much adjuvant was added
c)	incorrect types of adjuvant were added
d)	the virus was a live attenuated vaccine, and it replicated within the host
e)	the microbial preparation was poorly prepared

Answer: e

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

37) Subunit vaccines are generally considered safer than attenuated vaccines because …

a) subunit vaccines do not require booster shots.
b) attenuated vaccines may permit viral growth and possible mutation.
c) attenuated vaccines only elicit a humoral immune response.
d) attenuated vaccines elicit a weak immune response.
e) subunit vaccines elicit both a humoral and cell-mediated immune response.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

38) Attenuated vaccines are generally more effective than subunit vaccines because:

a) subunit vaccines do not require booster shots.
b) attenuated vaccines may permit viral growth with enhanced disease mimicry
c) attenuated vaccines only elicit a humoral immune response.
d) attenuated vaccines elicit a weak immune response.
e) subunit vaccines elicit both a humoral and cell-mediated immune response.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

39) Conjugate vaccines are composed of ______________ linked to an immunogenic protein.

a) toxins
b) polysaccharide antigens
c) protein antigens
d) lipid antigens
e) DNA fragments

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.
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40) If ninety percent of a population is immune to a particular disease they protect the susceptible ten percent by a concept known as:

a) acquired immunity.
b) herd immunity.
c) natural immunity.
d) artificial immunity.
e) passive immunity.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

41) The original polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk in 1952 was a(an) …

a) subunit vaccine.
b) acellular vaccine.
c) killed virus vaccine.
d) attenuated virus vaccine.
e) conjugate vaccine.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

42) The World Health Organization has targeted this disease for eradication through vaccination programs in small pockets of the world where the disease is still present.

a) AIDS
b) malaria
c) tuberculosis
d) yellow fever
e) polio

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

43) The Sabin polio vaccine developed to control wild-type polio spread was a(an) …

a) subunit vaccine.
b) acellular vaccine.
c) killed virus vaccine.
d) attenuated virus vaccine.
e) conjugate vaccine.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

44) A hypothetical vaccine has a 2% “failure rate”.  It has been administered to all but 12 children in a school with 1000 students.  The disease the vaccine is designed to prevent is introduced by a new student and spreads rapidly via the respiratory route.  How many children do you predict will fall ill by catching the diease from the sick child?

a)	12
b)	10
c)	20
d)	32
e)	120

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

45) How was vaccination developed by Jenner superior to the variolation practised in earlier times?

a)	Variolation was more painful
b)	Variolation led to secondary infections at the immunization site
c)	Variolation was either “kill” or “cure” as individuals actually contracted cowpox
d)	Variolation was much more expensive
e)	Variolation was disfiguring

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

Question Type: Multiple Select

46) Which of these factors led to the occurrence of plagues (epidemics of disease) in human society? (Select all that apply)

a)	Overall populations as large as those seen today
b)	Domestication of animals
c)	Travel to new parts of the world (and return home)
d)	Establishment of towns
e)	Bloodletting

Answer: b, c, d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.1 Discuss the prevalence of bacterial disease throughout history, giving examples of early medical treatments.

47) Drug resistance arises as bacteria acquire: (Select all that apply)

a)	Novel metabolic pathways
b)	Novel enzyme activities
c)	Novel efflux pathways
d)	Novel influx pathways
e)	Altered drug binding sites

Answer: a, b, c, e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

48) Sulfa drug resistance involves: (Select all that apply)

a)	Alteration of an enzyme active site
b)	Alteration in degrees of competitive inhibition
c)	Alteration of PBP
d)	Alteration of ribosomal protein structure
e)	Transducing pahage activity

Answer: a, b

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

49) Mechanisma commonly associated with drug resistance development include: (Select all that apply)

a)	Plasmid acquisition through transformation
b)	Bacteriophage spread
c)	Recombination events
d)	Transposon activity
e)	F plasmid conjugation

Answer: a, c, d, e

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

50) An environment becomes more crowded with people and improved water lines and sewer lines are constructed within the area.  What do you predict in terms of the impact of these two changes? (Select all that apply)

a)	both will contribute to increased disease risk
b)	neither will contribute to increased disease risk
c)	increased population is a detrimental risk factor, enhanced separation of drinking and waster water is an improvement so overall disease risk will depend upon mode of disease transmission
d)	increased population is not a detrimental risk factor, but separation of drinking and waster water is detrimental, so disease risk will depend upon mode of disease transmission
e)	the incidence of airborne disease spread will likely increase

Answer: c, e

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.4 Explain how infectious microbes may spread through a population and the methods used to control this spread.

51) Which vaccines are CDC-recommended for adults over 65 years of age? (Select all that apply)

a)	Influenza
b)	Polio
c)	MMR
d)	Varicella
e)	Pneumococcal

Answer: a, e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

52) Which vaccines are CDC-recommended for 2 year old children? (Select all that apply)

a)	Influenza
b)	Polio
c)	MMR
d)	Varicella
e)	Pneumococcal

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

53) Which vaccines are CDC-recommended for 15 month old children? (Select all that apply)

a)	Influenza
b)	Polio
c)	MMR
d)	Varicella
e)	Pneumococcal

Answer: a, c, d, e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

54) Which of these vaccines are subunit type? (Select all that apply)

a)	Influenza
b)	Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
c)	MMR
d)	Varicella
e)	Pneumococcal

Answer: b, e

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

55) Which vaccines are attenuated type? (Select all that apply)

a)	Influenza
b)	Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
c)	MMR
d)	Varicella
e)	Pneumococcal

Answer: c, d

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

56) Which vaccines are recommended yearly? (Select all that apply)

a)	Influenza
b)	Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
c)	MMR
d)	Varicella
e)	Pneumococcal

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.

Question Type: True/False

57) Bloodletting, or the intentional draining of blood from an ill individual, was a method commonly used in the middle ages to cure disease.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.1 Discuss the prevalence of bacterial disease throughout history, giving examples of early medical treatments.

58) The use of antimicrobial drugs is directly linked to the development of antibiotic resistance.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

59) For an antimicrobial drug to work properly, a person’s acquired immune response must be functioning properly.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

60) Unlike bacteria, viruses do not develop resistance to antiviral drugs.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

61) The use of antibiotics in farm animals is believed to be a major contributor to the increased number of antibiotic resistant microbes observed in human infections.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.
Section Reference: Section 24.3 How do microbes become drug-resistant?  

62) Modern vaccines elicit effective immune responses in everyone that is vaccinated.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.
Section Reference: Section 24.5 What are vaccines and how are they used to control infectious disease?

Question Type: Text Entry

63) Tetracylines are considered to be __________-_______________ antibiotics because they show activity against a wide range of bacteria.

Answer: broad-spectrum

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.2 Discuss the various modes of action of antimicrobial drugs, giving several examples for each.

64) Proteins that remove antimicrobial drug from a cell by pumping them out are called ___________ pumps.

Answer: efflux

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

65) Some Gram-negative bacteria are able to block the transport of β-lactam antibiotics across the outer membrane through the mutational alteration of _____________ which previously allowed the transport of the antibiotic across the outer membrane.

Answer: porins

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.

66) Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibacterial drugs because the drug is unable to cross the __________ ______________ of the microbe.

Answer: outer membrane

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.3 Explain how microbes may become resistant to specific antimicrobial drugs by natural and artificial means.  Give examples of each process.
Section Reference: Section 24.3 How do microbes become drug-resistant?  

67) The smallpox Vaccinia virus was a(n) ________________ vaccine.

Answer: attenuated, recombinant

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 24.5 Explain how vaccination is achieved and how it can be used to prevent the spread of a disease within a population.