Name: __________________________  Date: _____________

1.	An online news story claims that subtle differences between the body odors of male and female infants enable women to correctly identify the sex of a baby solely on the basis of their smell. Describe how the scientific attitude would enable you to think in an intelligent way about this claim.	

2.	Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for psychologists.	

3.	Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the challenges he faces.	

4.	When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense. Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's assertion.	

5.	Speaking at Verbatim University's graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college and university graduates with adults who received less education. She correctly noted that people with higher-education degrees pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults. The professor concluded that colleges and universities obviously do great things for society. How might you reasonably challenge the way the professor reached her conclusion?	

6.	Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be sure to specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and control conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research.	

7.	To investigate the impact of alcohol consumption on sexual arousal, researchers plan to give experimental participants either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic drink just prior to their watching a sexually arousing movie. Describe the appropriate ethical guidelines that the researchers would need to meet in order to conduct this study.	

8.	The Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle suggested the source of our personality is the	
A)	brain.	
B)	throat.	
C)	heart.	
D)	stomach.	

9.	Three key elements of the scientific attitude are	
A)	pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity.	
B)	ingenuity, practicality, and certainty.	
C)	certainty, creativity, and curiosity.	
D)	curiosity, skepticism, and humility.	

10.	Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of	
A)	pride.	
B)	skepticism.	
C)	practicality.	
D)	enthusiasm.	

11.	The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to	
A)	avoid many levels of analysis.	
B)	reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.	
C)	recognize the errors in our own ideas.	
D)	respect political beliefs that contradict our own.	

12.	Wilhelm Wundt performed experiments to study	
A)	animal intelligence.	
B)	personality development.	
C)	brain structures.	
D)	mental processes.	

13.	The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes by	
A)	using a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	adopting an evolutionary perspective.	
C)	advocating positive psychology.	
D)	conducting the first psychological experiment.	

14.	The English naturalist who first proposed evolutionary psychology was	
A)	Ivan Pavlov.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	John B. Watson.	
D)	Carl Rogers.	

15.	The personality theorist Sigmund Freud was an Austrian	
A)	chemist.	
B)	physician.	
C)	theologian.	
D)	politician.	

16.	One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist	
A)	Charles Darwin.	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
C)	William James.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

17.	Who was the American philosopher who shared his love of psychology in his 1890 textbook?	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt	
B)	John B. Watson	
C)	Sigmund Freud	
D)	William James	

18.	Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?	
A)	Jean Piaget	
B)	Margaret Floy Washburn	
C)	Rosalie Rayner	
D)	Mary Whiton Calkins	

19.	In its earliest years psychology focused on the study of	
A)	mental processes.	
B)	maladaptive behaviors.	
C)	unconscious motives.	
D)	brain chemistry.	

20.	Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of	
A)	genetic influences.	
B)	self-esteem.	
C)	conscious thoughts and feelings.	
D)	observable behavior.	

21.	The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	positive psychology.	

22.	Observing and recording people's behavior as they are being conditioned is a central interest of	
A)	Freudian psychology.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	cognitive neuroscience.	

23.	Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the study of conscious self-awareness to be	
A)	applied research.	
B)	a positive psychology.	
C)	an unscientific method.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

24.	Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious sexual conflicts?	
A)	evolutionary psychology	
B)	Freudian psychology	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	behaviorism	

25.	Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of	
A)	evolutionary psychology.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

26.	Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

27.	Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's	
A)	childhood memories.	
B)	genetic predispositions.	
C)	unconscious thought processes.	
D)	potential for healthy growth.	

28.	In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of	
A)	mental processes.	
B)	hereditary influences.	
C)	sexual conflicts.	
D)	learned behaviors.	

29.	The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to	
A)	clinical psychology.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	cognitive psychology.	

30.	Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between	
A)	natural selection and genetic predispositions.	
B)	childhood memories and psychological disorders.	
C)	thought processes and brain functions.	
D)	philosophy and physiology.	

31.	Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct interest to the specialty area known as	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	evolutionary psychology.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

32.	Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of	
A)	conscious and unconscious mental activity.	
B)	observable responses to the environment.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.	

33.	Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.	
A)	evolution; natural selection	
B)	behavior; mental process	
C)	conscious; unconscious	
D)	nurture; nature	

34.	The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by	
A)	environmental circumstances.	
B)	blood chemistry.	
C)	unconscious conflicts.	
D)	conditioned fears.	

35.	Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

36.	Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	cognitive	

37.	Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	cognitive	
C)	behavioral	
D)	social-cultural	

38.	Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	social-cultural	

39.	Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	cognitive	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	psychodynamic	

40.	Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment to our individual differences?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	psychodynamic	

41.	Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	cognitive	

42.	The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on	
A)	natural selection.	
B)	brain chemistry.	
C)	unconscious conflicts.	
D)	learned behaviors.	

43.	Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

44.	Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	behavioral	
D)	behavior genetics	

45.	Akira believes that her son has become a good student because he is frequently praised for his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavioral	

46.	The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how	
A)	feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.	
B)	people try to understand their own unconscious motives.	
C)	behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.	
D)	people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.	

47.	Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	behavior genetics	

48.	Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	behavior genetics	

49.	Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	cognitive	
D)	social-cultural	

50.	Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups?	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	neuroscience	

51.	Dr. Wilson believes that one reason for teenagers' delinquent behavior is the pressure of belonging to a street gang. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	behavior genetics	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	evolutionary	

52.	Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?	
A)	social psychology	
B)	clinical psychology	
C)	biological psychology	
D)	industrial-organizational psychology	

53.	Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	clinical	
C)	developmental	
D)	industrial-organizational	

54.	Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	biological	
C)	clinical	
D)	social	

55.	Dr. Roberts studies how best to assess individual differences in traits such as impulsiveness and sociability. Which specialty area does her research best represent?	
A)	social psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	industrial-organizational psychology	
D)	personality psychology	

56.	Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	social psychology	
C)	developmental psychology	
D)	clinical psychology	

57.	Dr. Vazquez helps people make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a	
A)	biological psychologist.	
B)	counseling psychologist.	
C)	cognitive psychologist.	
D)	social psychologist.	

58.	Professor Stauffer conducts basic research on the psychological, biological, and behavioral factors that contribute to heart disease. She is most likely a	
A)	personality psychologist.	
B)	cognitive psychologist.	
C)	clinical psychologist.	
D)	health psychologist.	

59.	Clinical psychologists specialize in	
A)	constructing surveys.	
B)	animal research.	
C)	providing therapy to troubled people.	
D)	providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.	

60.	For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist.	
A)	developmental	
B)	clinical	
C)	personality	
D)	biological	

61.	The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a	
A)	clinical psychologist.	
B)	personality psychologist.	
C)	developmental psychologist.	
D)	psychiatrist.	

62.	Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	developmental	
C)	personality	
D)	industrial-organizational	

63.	Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.	
A)	counseling psychologists	
B)	cognitive psychologists	
C)	community psychologists	
D)	clinical psychologists	

64.	Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	replication.	
C)	basic research.	
D)	positive psychology.	

65.	Which psychologists are most likely to be involved in applied research?	
A)	industrial-organizational psychologists	
B)	developmental psychologists	
C)	personality psychologists	
D)	biological psychologists	

66.	Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions best illustrates	
A)	dual processing.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

67.	Critical thinking most clearly involves	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	applied research.	
C)	evaluating evidence.	
D)	dual processing.	

68.	A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

69.	Melinda was worried that the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to express unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concern best illustrates	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	dual processing.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	the neuroscience perspective.	

70.	When you question the claim that hypnosis helps people to recall memories more accurately, you are most clearly demonstrating	
A)	positive psychology.	
B)	the neuroscience perspective.	
C)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	critical thinking.	

71.	Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different	
A)	cognitive functions.	
B)	unconscious motives.	
C)	levels of analysis.	
D)	conditioned responses.	

72.	The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences within the larger framework of	
A)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	a dual-processing model.	
C)	humanistic psychology.	
D)	many levels of analysis.	

73.	Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the full complexity of Janna's difficulties most clearly requires	
A)	humanistic psychology.	
B)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

74.	The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people form their	
A)	culture.	
B)	levels of analysis.	
C)	behavior genetics.	
D)	community psychology.	

75.	Parents handing down to their children the custom of showing respect for authority best illustrates the importance of	
A)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	culture.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

76.	Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for	
A)	dual processing.	
B)	avoiding many levels of analysis.	
C)	detecting human similarities and differences.	
D)	encouraging natural selection.	

77.	Which term refers to the traits and behaviors that are expected from men and from women in a given culture?	
A)	natural selection	
B)	dual processing	
C)	sexual replication	
D)	gender	

78.	Differences between the genders	
A)	are of little interest to contemporary psychologists.	
B)	are simply biological.	
C)	no longer exist in contemporary Western societies.	
D)	are no more common than gender similarities.	

79.	The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.	
A)	physical illness and health	
B)	unconscious and conscious motives	
C)	behavior and mental processes	
D)	genes and experience	

80.	Inherited ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.	
A)	naturalistic observation; case study	
B)	psychology; psychiatry	
C)	nature; nurture	
D)	behavior; mental processes	

81.	Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding	
A)	behavior and mental processes.	
B)	conscious and unconscious thought.	
C)	correlation and causation.	
D)	nature and nurture.	

82.	Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of	
A)	neuroscience and cognition.	
B)	nature and nurture.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	conscious and unconscious thoughts.	

83.	By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically graced with a capacity for	
A)	dual processing.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	replication.	
D)	learning and adaptation.	

84.	The processing of information at the same time at both conscious and unconscious levels is called	
A)	the double-blind procedure.	
B)	replication.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	dual processing.	

85.	Our visual perception track enables us to recognize objects while our visual action track enables us to manipulate objects. This best illustrates	
A)	the testing effect.	
B)	dual processing.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	replication.	

86.	Accurately grasping a ball a split second before we consciously recognize the ball's size best illustrates our capacity for	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	dual processing.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

87.	Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustrates	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	dual processing.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	hindsight bias.	

88.	Research on human flourishing is the major focus of	
A)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	behavior genetics.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	positive psychology.	

89.	Martin Seligman calls for a positive psychology that focuses on such topics as	
A)	prejudice.	
B)	compassion.	
C)	depression.	
D)	poverty.	

90.	Positive psychology uniquely focuses on the promotion of positive	
A)	curiosity, skepticism, and humility.	
B)	emotions, character traits, and institutions.	
C)	descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods.	
D)	classroom instruction, study techniques, and test grades.	

91.	In contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning, an unconsciously guided, automatic judgment is best described as a(n)	
A)	theory.	
B)	chance-based explanation.	
C)	intuition.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

92.	Norman meets briefly with job applicants and relies on his gut-level first impressions in deciding whether to offer them a job. Norman's employment decisions are most clearly guided by	
A)	an operational definition.	
B)	the testing effect.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	intuition.	

93.	The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to	
A)	dismiss the value of skepticism.	
B)	reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.	
C)	exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome.	
D)	overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.	

94.	The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly encouraged by	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

95.	A researcher gives half the members of a group a true psychological finding and the other half an opposite result. Both groups believe the given finding is common sense. This is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of	
A)	the placebo effect.	
B)	confounding variables.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

96.	Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of	
A)	replication.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

97.	Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates	
A)	the placebo effect.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	wording effects.	
D)	hindsight bias.	

98.	Mike Crampton's stockbroker informed him that he suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike told his wife, she angrily responded, “I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!” Her comment best illustrates	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	debriefing.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	replication.	

99.	A sense of humility regarding the accuracy of our intuitions is most likely to be undermined by	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	correlational evidence.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	operational definitions.	

100.	Developing testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	random assignment.	

101.	Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the placebo effect.	
C)	overconfidence.	
D)	random assignment.	

102.	Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	overconfidence.	

103.	Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?	
A)	operational definitions	
B)	overconfidence	
C)	random assignment	
D)	informed consent	

104.	The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of	
A)	intuition.	
B)	operational definitions.	
C)	informed consent.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

105.	Six of the children in Mr. Myers' class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and unlikely. In this instance, he should be reminded that	
A)	random sequences of events often don't look random.	
B)	events often seem more probable in hindsight.	
C)	sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.	
D)	correlation does not prove causation.	

106.	A theory is an explanation using principles that ______ observations and ______ behaviors or events.	
A)	question; survey	
B)	replicate; control	
C)	organize; predict	
D)	randomly sample; randomly assign	

107.	Professor Shalet believes that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)	
A)	theory.	
B)	replication.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	operational definition.	

108.	The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable	
A)	assumptions.	
B)	correlations.	
C)	predictions.	
D)	variables.	

109.	A hypothesis is a(n)	
A)	observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.	
B)	testable prediction that gives direction to research.	
C)	set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts.	
D)	unprovable assumption about the processes that underlie psychological functioning.	

110.	Testing hypotheses and refining theories in light of those tests is central to	
A)	debriefing.	
B)	the testing effect.	
C)	the scientific method.	
D)	informed consent.	

111.	Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of	
A)	informed consent.	
B)	the placebo effect.	
C)	a hypothesis.	
D)	a confounding variable.	

112.	A carefully worded statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)	
A)	hypothesis.	
B)	control condition.	
C)	replication.	
D)	operational definition.	

113.	In a published report of a research study on social anxiety, psychologists included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of social anxiety. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n)	
A)	hypothesis.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	operational definition.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

114.	Replication of a research study is most likely to be made easier by	
A)	massed practice.	
B)	debriefing.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

115.	Repeating the essence of an earlier research study to confirm that its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called	
A)	replication.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

116.	Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of the findings?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	replication	
C)	random sampling	
D)	the case study	

117.	The case study is a research method in which	
A)	a single individual or group is studied in great depth.	
B)	a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors.	
C)	organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment.	
D)	an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.	

118.	To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	naturalistic observation	

119.	Little Hans' extreme fear of horses was observed as part of a(n)	
A)	experiment.	
B)	survey.	
C)	case study.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

120.	By revealing what can happen through an in-depth examination of an atypical individual, ________ often suggests directions for future research.	
A)	the double-blind procedure	
B)	random assignment	
C)	a case study	
D)	a survey	

121.	The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it	
A)	is based on naturalistic observation.	
B)	may not represent what is generally true.	
C)	overestimates the importance of operational definitions.	
D)	leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.	

122.	A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	replication.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

123.	Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as	
A)	the survey.	
B)	experimentation.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	the case study.	

124.	Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in	
A)	survey research.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	replication.	

125.	New technologies such as smart-phone apps and body-worn sensors have enabled the collection of “big data” by means of	
A)	the testing effect.	
B)	case studies.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

126.	One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of	
A)	experimentation.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	case studies.	
D)	a survey.	

127.	Which of the following enables more exact descriptions of ongoing behaviors without explaining them?	
A)	random assignment	
B)	informed consent	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	the double-blind procedure	

128.	In one study, introductory psychology students were fitted with electronically activated recording devices so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers used a scientific method known as	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	the case study.	

129.	A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known as	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	debriefing.	
C)	a case study.	
D)	a survey.	

130.	Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?	
A)	the survey	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	the case study	
D)	experimentation	

131.	Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These survey results best illustrate the importance of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	wording effects.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

132.	A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger	
A)	control group.	
B)	correlation coefficient.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	population.	

133.	To learn about the TV-viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)	
A)	population.	
B)	representative sample.	
C)	independent variable.	
D)	control condition.	

134.	When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as	
A)	the case study.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

135.	Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?	
A)	the case study	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	random sampling	
D)	operational definitions	

136.	Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies. As a result, he became overconfident about his chances of reelection. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value of	
A)	replication.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	experimental control.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

137.	To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	replication.	
D)	random sampling.	

138.	Suppose you want to find out which candidate college students will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the sample of college students you survey is representative of the college student population, you should	
A)	survey only a small sample of college students.	
B)	survey only politically informed college students.	
C)	survey every college student on your own campus.	
D)	survey a large representative sample of the college student population.	

139.	In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants to ensure that	
A)	the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.	
B)	there will be a large number of participants in the research study.	
C)	the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values.	
D)	the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions.	

140.	Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors	
A)	vary together.	
B)	are random samples.	
C)	influence each other.	
D)	are dependent variables.	

141.	Correlational research is most useful for purposes of	
A)	explanation.	
B)	prediction.	
C)	control.	
D)	replication.	

142.	To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use	
A)	the case study approach.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	correlational measures.	
D)	experimental research.	

143.	Which of the following is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables?	
A)	a correlation coefficient	
B)	a random sample	
C)	SQ3R	
D)	an independent variable	

144.	To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income level, researchers would most likely make use of	
A)	case studies.	
B)	correlational research.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

145.	A direct relationship in which two factors increase together or decrease together represents	
A)	a dependent variable.	
B)	replication.	
C)	a positive correlation.	
D)	a confounding variable.	

146.	An inverse relationship in which one factor increases as another factor decreases represents	
A)	a confounding variable.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	replication.	
D)	a negative correlation.	

147.	A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between	
A)	intelligence and academic success.	
B)	poverty and physical health.	
C)	self-esteem and depression.	
D)	school grades and school absences.	

148.	Suppose psychologists discovered that people with a higher socioeconomic status are less satisfied with their marriages than people with a lower socioeconomic status are. This would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are	
A)	causally related.	
B)	negatively correlated.	
C)	independent variables.	
D)	positively correlated.	

149.	Suppose the correlation between children's body weight and their reading ability is –1.00. This would mean that	
A)	there is very little statistical relationship between children's body weight and reading ability.	
B)	low body weight has a negative effect on children's reading ability.	
C)	among children, better reading ability is associated with lower body weight.	
D)	body weight has no causal influence on the reading ability of children.	

150.	Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	correlational research	
C)	the case study	
D)	the experimental method	

151.	Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because	
A)	random sequences often don't look random.	
B)	correlation does not prove causation.	
C)	sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.	
D)	the sample may have been randomly selected.	

152.	A survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, while those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of	
A)	failing to use operational definitions.	
B)	perceiving order in random events.	
C)	being influenced by a confounding variable.	
D)	thinking that association proves causation.	

153.	If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that	
A)	intelligence is inherited.	
B)	more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents.	
C)	the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

154.	A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that	
A)	poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders.	
B)	people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people.	
C)	psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

155.	Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the experiment	
C)	correlational research	
D)	naturalistic observation	

156.	Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate	
A)	facts from theories.	
B)	causes from effects.	
C)	case studies from surveys.	
D)	random samples from representative samples.	

157.	An experiment enables researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by manipulating the factors of interest and also by	
A)	obtaining participants' informed consent prior to beginning the experiment.	
B)	summarizing participants' responses with a correlation coefficient.	
C)	holding other factors constant across experimental and control groups.	
D)	fully debriefing participants after completing the experiment.	

158.	Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?	
A)	the case study	
B)	the survey	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	the experiment	

159.	In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	naturalistic observation	

160.	In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	survey research.	
C)	a case study.	
D)	an experiment.	

161.	Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned	
A)	to that group by chance.	
B)	to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.	
C)	in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.	
D)	to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.	

162.	To accurately isolate cause and effect, experimenters should use	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	case studies.	
D)	correlation coefficients.	

163.	To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	operational definitions.	

164.	Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to	
A)	minimize chances that participants in any group know one another.	
B)	increase chances that participants are representative of people in general.	
C)	minimize any differences between groups of participants.	
D)	increase chances that the different groups have the same number of participants.	

165.	One research team randomly assigned hospitalized premature infants either to formula feedings or to breast-milk feedings. Which research method did they use?	
A)	case study	
B)	experimentation	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	correlational research	

166.	Participants who are exposed to the treatment being tested in an experiment are said to be assigned to the	
A)	random sample.	
B)	experimental group.	
C)	standardized treatment.	
D)	control group.	

167.	The group of people who are exposed to the drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group.	
A)	control	
B)	standardized	
C)	baseline	
D)	experimental	

168.	Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?	
A)	The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.	
B)	The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.	
C)	The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.	
D)	The experimental treatment is absent.	

169.	To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	experimental	
B)	survey	
C)	control	
D)	correlational	

170.	Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the caffeinated drinks were assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	survey	
B)	experimental	
C)	correlational	
D)	control	

171.	To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr. Carlson wants to administer vaccine injections to all county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Carlson is most clearly underestimating the importance of	
A)	testing a large sample.	
B)	operationally defining his procedures.	
C)	replicating observations of other researchers.	
D)	creating a control group.	

172.	An inactive substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a	
A)	placebo.	
B)	coefficient.	
C)	case study.	
D)	replication.	

173.	Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about	
A)	what experimental hypothesis is being tested.	
B)	whether the experimental findings will be meaningful.	
C)	how the dependent variable is measured.	
D)	which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.	

174.	In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	replication.	
C)	placebo.	
D)	double blind.	

175.	Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	replication.	

176.	To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	operational definitions.	

177.	The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have pain-relieving benefits illustrates	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	debriefing.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

178.	The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.	
A)	the double-blind procedure	
B)	random sampling	
C)	positive expectations	
D)	hindsight bias	

179.	Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population.	
A)	similarities; differences	
B)	differences; similarities	
C)	similarities; similarities	
D)	differences; differences	

180.	In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dosage) was the	
A)	confounding variable.	
B)	dependent variable.	
C)	random sample.	
D)	independent variable.	

181.	In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.	
A)	dependent	
B)	independent	
C)	control	
D)	experimental	

182.	In an experimental study of the impact of criticism on self-esteem, being criticized would be the ________ variable.	
A)	replicated	
B)	dependent	
C)	confounding	
D)	independent	

183.	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a	
A)	wording effect.	
B)	correlation coefficient.	
C)	placebo effect.	
D)	confounding variable.	

184.	If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	correlation coefficient.	
C)	confounding variable.	
D)	replication.	

185.	In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable.	
A)	dependent	
B)	experimental	
C)	control	
D)	independent	

186.	To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was	
A)	insults or compliments.	
B)	physical appearance.	
C)	interpersonal attraction.	
D)	feelings of self-esteem.	

187.	For an experiment designed to study how drinking alcohol might affect emotional stability, the researcher clearly identified the procedures used to measure emotional stability. This illustrates	
A)	the independent variable.	
B)	an operational definition.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	random assignment.	

188.	Assessing how well one variable predicts another variable is to _________ as detecting cause-effect relationships between different variables is to _________.	
A)	naturalistic observation; case studies	
B)	descriptive methods; correlational methods	
C)	a control group; an experimental group	
D)	correlational research; experimental research	

189.	The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to	
A)	predict human behavior in almost all situations.	
B)	perceive order in completely random events.	
C)	develop general principles that help explain behavior.	
D)	observe random samples of human conduct.	

190.	Depression and suicide are more common in North America today than they were a century ago. But in both periods, pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness correspond to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates that ________ play a role in depression and suicide in varied settings.	
A)	genetic differences	
B)	unconscious motives	
C)	early childhood memories	
D)	common underlying principles	

191.	Psychologists study animals because	
A)	animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior.	
B)	experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical.	
C)	the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines.	
D)	similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.	

192.	A central issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals is the	
A)	usefulness of studying biological processes in animals.	
B)	ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.	
C)	obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality.	
D)	need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research.	

193.	A major issue that has emerged from debates over the use of animals in psychological research centers on	
A)	whether operational definitions help to distinguish between animal and human functioning.	
B)	when use of the double-blind procedure is most appropriate in animal studies.	
C)	whether experimental methods can reduce the need for descriptive methods in research involving animals.	
D)	what safeguards should protect the well-being of animals used in research.	

194.	In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes	
A)	obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly.	
B)	treat information about individual participants confidentially.	
C)	deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.	
D)	allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment.	

195.	Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking	
A)	a representative sample.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	an operational definition.	
D)	a placebo effect.	

196.	The ethics codes of the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge researchers to	
A)	avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.	
B)	forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.	
C)	avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants.	
D)	explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.	

197.	After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called	
A)	debriefing.	
B)	replication.	
C)	informed consent.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

198.	Psychologists' personal values and goals	
A)	are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation.	
B)	lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.	
C)	can bias their observations and interpretations.	
D)	have very little influence on the process of scientific observation.	

199.	The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because	
A)	psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.	
B)	psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions.	
C)	psychological research usually requires performing stressful experiments on people.	
D)	psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.	

200.	Psychological research indicates that people who are both happier and healthier than average tend to be those who	
A)	perceive their intellectual abilities as fixed by their heredity.	
B)	live spontaneously without focusing on long-term goals.	
C)	give priority to relationships with supportive friends.	
D)	are more physically attractive than average.	

201.	Psychological research indicates that regular aerobic exercise is an effective way to minimize	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	mild depression.	
C)	overconfidence.	
D)	all of these things.	

202.	The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information.	
A)	hindsight bias	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	enhanced memory	
D)	increasing boredom	

203.	SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.	
A)	revise	
B)	reason	
C)	retrieve	
D)	research	

204.	The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of	
A)	massed practice.	
B)	replication.	
C)	retrieving information.	
D)	random sampling.	

205.	Detecting the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool.	
A)	critical thinking	
B)	the testing effect	
C)	spaced practice	
D)	SQ3R	

206.	Students learn and remember course materials best when they	
A)	give informed consent.	
B)	engage in massed practice.	
C)	process class information actively.	
D)	avoid operational definitions.	

207.	Anderson argues that hypnosis can relieve pain and reduce the urge to overeat. His sister agrees that this might be true, but she insists that these claims would need to be tested scientifically. Anderson's sister best illustrates the scientific attitude of	
A)	practically.	
B)	skepticism.	
C)	enthusiasm.	
D)	informed consent.	

208.	Compared with Wilhelm Wundt, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of	
A)	smiling.	
B)	screaming.	
C)	fighting.	
D)	thinking.	

209.	The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to	
A)	Jean Piaget.	
B)	William James.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	John B. Watson.	

210.	Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	psychodynamic	

211.	Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of repeated practice on the long-term retention of information?	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavior genetics	

212.	Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral; social-cultural	
B)	evolutionary; behavioral	
C)	social-cultural; neuroscience	
D)	neuroscience; evolutionary	

213.	Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology.	
A)	biological	
B)	personality	
C)	social	
D)	developmental	

214.	Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	social	
C)	biological	
D)	personality	

215.	When Leanne read a news report that drinking orange juice causes children to be overactive, she questioned whether the children's behavior had been assessed using the scientific method. Leanne's reaction best illustrates	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	dual processing.	

216.	An explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and psychology's other perspectives is most clearly provided by	
A)	SQ3R.	
B)	behaviorism.	
C)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

217.	Debates as to whether biology or culture determine a person's tendency to drink too much reflect the issue of	
A)	nature and nurture.	
B)	observation and replication.	
C)	correlation and causation.	
D)	the conscious and unconscious mind.	

218.	Dual processing refers to processing information at the same time on separate ___________ tracks.	
A)	physical and emotional	
B)	social and psychological	
C)	conscious and unconscious	
D)	correlational and causal	

219.	After the horror of 9/11, many people said the American government should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

220.	Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	overconfidence.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

221.	Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate the value of	
A)	the placebo effect.	
B)	wording effects.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	intuitive judgments.	

222.	The tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in random sequences of outcomes often leads us to underestimate the extent to which outcomes result from	
A)	a placebo effect.	
B)	psychic powers.	
C)	hidden values.	
D)	chance.	

223.	Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of	
A)	a hypothesis.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	an operational definition.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

224.	Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter using?	
A)	survey research	
B)	case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	naturalistic observation	

225.	A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that	
A)	work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness.	
B)	marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress.	
C)	higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.	
D)	marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress.	

226.	Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the case study	
C)	the experiment	
D)	naturalistic observation	

227.	In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to	
A)	replication.	
B)	operational definitions.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	placebo effects.	

228.	To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of	
A)	reactions to the comedy skit.	
B)	level of sexual stimulation.	
C)	marital status.	
D)	sense of humor.	

229.	In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, mental alertness would be the	
A)	control condition.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	experimental condition.	
D)	dependent variable.	

230.	Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to	
A)	avoid the use of animals in experimental research.	
B)	minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants.	
C)	treat information about individual research participants confidentially.	
D)	avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research.	

231.	Which of the following is an effective remedy for mild to moderate depression and anxiety?	
A)	retrieval practice	
B)	dual processing	
C)	aerobic exercise	
D)	informed consent	

232.	Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this as	
A)	SQ3R.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	the testing effect.	
D)	massed practice.	

233.	The historically significant perspective that emphasized the human potential for healthy growth was known as	
A)	Freudian psychology.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

234.	A study of the relationship between reasoning ability and brain functions would be of most direct interest to	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	the psychodynamic perspective.	

235.	The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology.	
A)	naturalistic	
B)	humanistic	
C)	scientific	
D)	intuitive	

236.	Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	neuroscience	

237.	Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment to the onset of depression in children. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	cognitive	
D)	behavioral	

238.	Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	social-cultural	

239.	The marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are of most relevance to the ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	cognitive	

240.	Professor Helms conducts basic research on improvements in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Helms is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	clinical	
C)	personality	
D)	developmental	

241.	Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	developmental	
C)	clinical	
D)	cognitive	

242.	Checking on the credibility of the sources of information you use in a class report is most indicative of	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	dual processing.	
D)	a psychodynamic perspective.	

243.	The use of scientific methods to explore people's satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about the future is most clearly characteristic of	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	the biopsychosocial approach.	

244.	Hindsight bias leads people to perceive psychological research outcomes as	
A)	unpredictable.	
B)	inexplicable.	
C)	unlikely.	
D)	unsurprising.	

245.	Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates	
A)	a confounding variable.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	overconfidence.	

246.	If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely?	
A)	H H H T T T	
B)	H T T H T H	
C)	T T H H T H	
D)	All of these sequences would be equally likely.	

247.	Psychological theories help to	
A)	organize scientific observations.	
B)	explain observed facts.	
C)	generate hypotheses.	
D)	do all of these things.	

248.	Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may not be representative of what is generally true?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	the case study	
C)	experimentation	
D)	the survey	

249.	Every twenty-fifth person who subscribed to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were applying the technique known as	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	replication.	

250.	A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that	
A)	higher levels of popularity among peers are associated with greater physical height in children.	
B)	there is no relationship between children's height and their popularity.	
C)	being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity.	
D)	children's height has no causal impact on their popularity.	

251.	To test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of	
A)	correlational research.	
B)	an experiment.	
C)	survey research.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

252.	In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	survey	
B)	control	
C)	experimental	
D)	correlational	

253.	Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	replication.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	operational definitions.	

254.	In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the	
A)	control condition.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	placebo.	

255.	In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimize	
A)	confounding variables.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	replication.	
D)	random assignment.	

256.	Which of the following processes typically takes place shortly after people complete their participation in a research study?	
A)	random assignment	
B)	informed consent	
C)	the double-blind procedure	
D)	debriefing	

257.	SQ3R is an acronym for an effective	
A)	debriefing procedure.	
B)	study method.	
C)	operational definition.	
D)	case study.	

258.	As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that	
A)	people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking.	
B)	most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong.	
C)	unproven claims about human behavior need to be tested.	
D)	people usually have hidden motives for acting.	

259.	Heather claims that her dreams accurately predict future events. Her sister, however, insists that Heather's belief needs to be supported with evidence. Heather's sister best illustrates the scientific attitude of	
A)	pride.	
B)	skepticism.	
C)	practicality.	
D)	introspection.	

260.	Recognizing that our explanations for our own and others' behaviors may be incorrect best illustrates an element of the scientific attitude known as	
A)	practicality.	
B)	self-control.	
C)	humility.	
D)	curiosity.	

261.	The first psychological laboratory was established by	
A)	John B. Watson.	
B)	Wilhelm Wundt.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

262.	Psychology developed from many disciplines and countries. For example, ________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician.	
A)	Wilhelm Wundt; Ivan Pavlov	
B)	William James; Sigmund Freud	
C)	B. F. Skinner; John B. Watson	
D)	Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers	

263.	Wilhelm Wundt was both a	
A)	psychoanalyst and psychiatrist.	
B)	physiologist and philosopher.	
C)	sociologist and psychiatrist.	
D)	theologian and philosopher.	

264.	Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of	
A)	learning.	
B)	perception.	
C)	personality.	
D)	mental illness.	

265.	The pioneering memory researcher Mary Whiton Calkins was denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned at ________ under the mentorship of _________.	
A)	University of Leipzig; Wilhelm Wundt	
B)	Radcliffe College; John B. Watson	
C)	Harvard University; William James	
D)	University of Vienna; Sigmund Freud	

266.	The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind. Her name was	
A)	Mary Whiton Calkins.	
B)	Rosalie Rayner.	
C)	Margaret Floy Washburn.	
D)	Jean Piaget.	

267.	Who dismissed the scientific study of mental life and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?	
A)	Watson and Skinner	
B)	Freud and James	
C)	Wundt and Piaget	
D)	Rogers and Maslow	

268.	Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have been LEAST likely to encourage research that focused on	
A)	maladaptive eating habits.	
B)	the meaning of frightening dreams.	
C)	effective parenting techniques.	
D)	crime-deterring legal practices.	

269.	B. F. Skinner was a prominent American	
A)	psychiatrist.	
B)	behaviorist.	
C)	cognitive neuroscientist.	
D)	behavior geneticist.	

270.	Investigating whether a dog could be conditioned to bark when it detected the odor of a specific narcotic drug would have been of most direct interest to the school of thought known as	
A)	humanistic psychology.	
B)	cognitive psychology.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	Freudian psychology.	

271.	The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to	
A)	John B. Watson.	
B)	Charles Darwin.	
C)	Sigmund Freud.	
D)	B. F. Skinner.	

272.	Humanistic psychologists such as ________ emphasized human growth potential.	
A)	Wundt and Washburn	
B)	Freud and James	
C)	Rogers and Maslow	
D)	Watson and Skinner	

273.	Which school of thought in the 1960s most clearly emphasized the importance of satisfying our needs for love and acceptance?	
A)	behaviorism	
B)	cognitive neuroscience	
C)	evolutionary psychology	
D)	humanistic psychology	

274.	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience.	
D)	clinical psychology.	

275.	The science of behavior and mental processes is called	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	natural selection.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	psychology.	

276.	In exploring human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on	
A)	case studies.	
B)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	natural selection.	
D)	scientific methods.	

277.	Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.	
A)	nature; nurture	
B)	sensation; memory	
C)	talking; understanding	
D)	clinical psychology; psychiatry	

278.	Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states?	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	neuroscience	

279.	In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	neuroscience	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	cognitive	

280.	The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.	
A)	conditioned responses	
B)	natural selection	
C)	unconscious motives	
D)	rational thought	

281.	Myron believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.	
A)	psychodynamic	
B)	social-cultural	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	behavioral	

282.	Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and environmental experience to differing levels of human intelligence?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

283.	The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of	
A)	behavior and mental processes.	
B)	conscious and unconscious motives.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	critical thinking and dual processing.	

284.	Professor Hernandez attempts to assess the extent to which both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to gender differences in the risk for alcohol use disorder. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavior genetics	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavioral	

285.	A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is using a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	behavioral	
D)	social-cultural	

286.	The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father. The counselor's assessment most clearly reflects a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

287.	The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of	
A)	learning.	
B)	unconscious thoughts.	
C)	inherited traits.	
D)	self-esteem.	

288.	Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more often encouraged to fight. Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective.	
A)	behavioral	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	neuroscience	

289.	The evolutionary perspective is to ________ as the behavioral perspective is to ________.	
A)	applied research; basic research	
B)	nature; nurture	
C)	clinical psychology; psychiatry	
D)	unconscious mind; conscious mind	

290.	Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?	
A)	cognitive	
B)	behavioral	
C)	behavior genetics	
D)	evolutionary	

291.	Which perspective focuses on how we process information to solve problems?	
A)	behavioral	
B)	evolutionary	
C)	social-cultural	
D)	cognitive	

292.	Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly illustrate the ________ perspective.	
A)	social-cultural	
B)	cognitive	
C)	psychodynamic	
D)	behavior genetics	

293.	Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?	
A)	neuroscience	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	evolutionary	
D)	social-cultural	

294.	Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol use disorder because of the strong influence of that region's major religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.	
A)	evolutionary	
B)	psychodynamic	
C)	neuroscience	
D)	social-cultural	

295.	Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?	
A)	developmental psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	industrial-organizational psychology	
D)	personality psychology	

296.	Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on how and if intelligence changes with age. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	biological	
B)	social	
C)	developmental	
D)	industrial-organizational	

297.	Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the impact of playing computer games on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.	
A)	social	
B)	personality	
C)	biological	
D)	cognitive	

298.	Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	biological	
B)	cognitive	
C)	industrial-organizational	
D)	personality	

299.	Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	clinical	
B)	social	
C)	biological	
D)	industrial-organizational	

300.	Which subfield of psychology focuses on helping people with difficult career choices?	
A)	personality psychology.	
B)	counseling psychology.	
C)	cognitive psychology.	
D)	social psychology.	

301.	Which subfield of psychology would most likely promote research identifying the psychological, biological, and social factors that encourage good eating habits?	
A)	developmental psychology	
B)	health psychology	
C)	cognitive psychology	
D)	counseling psychology	

302.	Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?	
A)	personality psychology	
B)	biological psychology	
C)	clinical psychology	
D)	developmental psychology	

303.	Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from major depressive disorder. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.	
A)	personality	
B)	industrial-organizational	
C)	clinical	
D)	developmental	

304.	Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?	
A)	developmental psychologists	
B)	clinical psychologists	
C)	personality psychologists	
D)	psychiatrists	

305.	Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?	
A)	developmental psychology	
B)	industrial-organizational psychology	
C)	biological psychology	
D)	clinical psychology	

306.	Which branch of psychology is most likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups?	
A)	cognitive psychology	
B)	community psychology	
C)	clinical psychology	
D)	counseling psychology	

307.	Which psychologists are most likely to be involved in basic research?	
A)	industrial-organizational psychologists	
B)	cognitive psychologists	
C)	community psychologists	
D)	clinical psychologists	

308.	Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples of	
A)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	introspection.	
D)	applied research.	

309.	Critical thinkers can best be described as	
A)	questioning.	
B)	cynical.	
C)	pessimistic.	
D)	impatient.	

310.	Questioning whether certain conclusions are accurate based on existing evidence best illustrates	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	the biopsychosocial approach.	

311.	A refusal to consider evidence that might conflict with your personal opinion best illustrates a lack of	
A)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
B)	critical thinking.	
C)	culture.	
D)	dual processing.	

312.	One of your professors has used correlational evidence to justify a cause-effect conclusion. Questioning the validity of drawing this conclusion from the evidence best illustrates	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
C)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	humanistic psychology.	

313.	A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of	
A)	case studies.	
B)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	behaviorism.	
D)	many levels of analysis.	

314.	A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by	
A)	behaviorism.	
B)	humanistic psychology.	
C)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

315.	Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires	
A)	psychoanalysis.	
B)	positive psychology.	
C)	a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	an evolutionary level of analysis.	

316.	Ali insists that all intellectual capacities are genetically determined; Claire argues that intelligence is determined only through educational experiences. Ali and Claire could best develop a more complete understanding of the origins of intelligence by means of	
A)	positive psychology.	
B)	a psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	dual processing.	
D)	a biopsychosocial approach.	

317.	Culture is best described as	
A)	the entire collection of character strengths that helps individuals and communities to thrive.	
B)	the enduring ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group and passed on from one generation to the next.	
C)	the contribution that experience makes to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.	
D)	basic moral values that are shared by all of humanity.	

318.	The handing down of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance of	
A)	dual processing.	
B)	the cognitive revolution.	
C)	a the psychodynamic perspective.	
D)	culture.	

319.	Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of	
A)	alcohol use disorder.	
B)	depression.	
C)	eating disorders.	
D)	all of these problems.	

320.	The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience to psychological traits is known as the	
A)	levels of analysis dilemma.	
B)	dual-processing debate.	
C)	cognitive neuroscience controversy.	
D)	nature–nurture issue.	

321.	Nature is to nurture as ______ is to _______.	
A)	behavior; mental processes	
B)	psychology; psychiatry	
C)	biology; experience	
D)	reason; emotion	

322.	Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of	
A)	correlation and causation.	
B)	behavior and mental processes.	
C)	nature and nurture.	
D)	conscious and unconscious mind.	

323.	Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of	
A)	conscious and unconscious thought.	
B)	naturalistic observation and case studies.	
C)	behavior and mental processes.	
D)	nature and nurture.	

324.	Nicole has been unusually quick in learning to excel in the highly competitive sports training programs at her school because she is more genetically predisposed to crave excitement and challenge than are her classmates. This best illustrates that	
A)	nature outweighs the importance of nurture.	
B)	nature limits our adaptive capacities.	
C)	nurture works on what nature provides.	
D)	nature selects traits that contribute to survival.	

325.	A large amount of our mental activity occurs outside of our awareness, thanks to our capacity for	
A)	replication.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	dual processing.	

326.	Reacting to visual stimulation before we consciously perceive it illustrates	
A)	dual processing.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	critical thinking.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

327.	Brain damage left one woman unable to recognize the width of a block even though she could grasp it with just the right finger-thumb distance. This unusual case best illustrates the importance of our normal capacity for	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	dual processing.	
C)	replication.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

328.	Mark's decision to hire Patricia was influenced unconsciously by feelings about her physical appearance and consciously by her reported work history. This best illustrates the impact of	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	dual processing.	
D)	random assignment.	

329.	Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues is most clearly a major purpose of	
A)	critical thinking.	
B)	the psychodynamic perspective.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	behavior genetics.	

330.	To balance psychology's historical focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	cognitive neuroscience.	
C)	positive psychology.	
D)	a psychodynamic perspective.	

331.	One of the three central concerns of positive psychology is the study and promotion of	
A)	behavior genetics.	
B)	test-enhanced learning.	
C)	healthy social institutions.	
D)	informed consent.	

332.	Speedy and automatic conclusions triggered by gut-level feelings are best described as	
A)	random events.	
B)	intuitions.	
C)	confounding variables.	
D)	placebo effects.	

333.	Jennifer's new dorm roommate has the same first name as someone Jennifer dislikes. Without realizing it, Jennifer's immediate gut-level reaction to the name has led her to form a negative first impression of her roommate. This best illustrates the dangers of	
A)	hindsight bias.	
B)	overconfidence.	
C)	intuition.	
D)	random assignment.	

334.	Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	wording effects.	
C)	human intuition.	
D)	random assignment.	

335.	Hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that	
A)	psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values.	
B)	psychological research studies are simplified versions of reality.	
C)	psychological theories and observations are merely common sense.	
D)	psychological research studies are potentially dangerous.	

336.	Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women consider the research findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of	
A)	the placebo effect.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

337.	A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own. This statement would seem unsurprising to students because	
A)	most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves.	
B)	this finding is consistent with common sense.	
C)	students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves.	
D)	students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries.	

338.	Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perceptions that psychological research merely documents the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to	
A)	describe how research predictions were derived from basic psychological principles.	
B)	predict the outcomes of research studies before they are told the actual results.	
C)	explain the outcomes of research studies after they are told the actual results.	
D)	engage in naturalistic observation.	

339.	When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams. This best illustrates	
A)	confounding variables.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	wording effects.	
D)	overconfidence.	

340.	As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

341.	Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates	
A)	overconfidence.	
B)	hindsight bias.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	perceiving order in random events.	

342.	In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect and series of tails occur ________ often than people expect.	
A)	more; less	
B)	less; more	
C)	more; more	
D)	less; less	

343.	Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both tennis players, and both loved chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of	
A)	randomly sampling their life experiences.	
B)	attributing these three similarities to chance.	
C)	perceiving order in random events.	
D)	assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests.	

344.	The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of	
A)	randomly sampling biblical passages.	
B)	generalizing from extreme instances.	
C)	assuming that most people share your opinions.	
D)	perceiving order in coincidental events.	

345.	An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events is called a(n)	
A)	independent variable.	
B)	hypothesis.	
C)	theory.	
D)	survey.	

346.	According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of	
A)	an operational definition.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	replication.	
D)	a theory.	

347.	The value of a(n) ____________ is most closely tied to its usefulness in generating testable hypotheses.	
A)	operational definition	
B)	case study	
C)	replication	
D)	theory	

348.	A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	operational definition.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	hypothesis.	

349.	Hypotheses are best described as	
A)	assumptions.	
B)	replications.	
C)	explanations.	
D)	predictions.	

350.	Dr. Birk suggests that because depression is associated with pessimistic thinking, depressed students would be more likely than nondepressed students to perceive themselves as academically incompetent. Dr. Birk's prediction regarding students' self-perceptions is an example of a(n)	
A)	operational definition.	
B)	placebo effect.	
C)	confounding variable.	
D)	hypothesis.	

351.	A statement describing how a researcher manipulates an independent variable is known as a(n)	
A)	control condition.	
B)	replication.	
C)	operational definition.	
D)	hypothesis.	

352.	In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n)	
A)	experimental hypothesis.	
B)	case study.	
C)	double-blind procedure.	
D)	operational definition.	

353.	Operational definitions are most likely to enable	
A)	replication.	
B)	positive correlations.	
C)	hindsight bias.	
D)	the placebo effect.	

354.	Replication involves	
A)	the selection of random samples.	
B)	randomly assigning research participants to different groups.	
C)	repeating an earlier research study.	
D)	rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.	

355.	To make sure a new scientific finding is reliable, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	replication.	
D)	positive correlation.	

356.	Professor Bolden claims that his experimental research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills. How might he best offer further support for the reliability of this finding?	
A)	replication	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	case studies	
D)	correlational research	

357.	A descriptive method in which one individual or group is studied in great depth is called a(n)	
A)	replication.	
B)	case study.	
C)	experiment.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

358.	To better understand how brain damage influences behavior, Dr. Mosher carefully observes and questions two stroke victims. Which research method is Dr. Mosher using?	
A)	random sampling	
B)	the survey	
C)	the case study	
D)	experimentation	

359.	Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children. Which research method did he use?	
A)	the survey	
B)	the double-blind procedure	
C)	the case study	
D)	random assignment	

360.	Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of	
A)	the double-blind procedure.	
B)	replication.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	false generalization.	

361.	After carefully studying how three single parents dealt with the loss of their jobs, Dr. Phong began to overestimate the national rate of unemployment. In this instance, Dr. Phong should be warned that ________ may be misleading.	
A)	surveys	
B)	case studies	
C)	dependent variables	
D)	random samples	

362.	To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitat, researchers are most likely to make use of	
A)	survey research.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	the experimental method.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

363.	To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?	
A)	naturalistic observation	
B)	the survey	
C)	the case study	
D)	experimentation	

364.	Naturalistic observation is most useful for	
A)	describing behaviors.	
B)	predicting attitudes.	
C)	explaining complex emotions.	
D)	detecting cause-effect relationships.	

365.	A count of positive and negative words in millions of Twitter messages suggests that people seem happiest on	
A)	Mondays.	
B)	Wednesdays.	
C)	Fridays.	
D)	Sundays.	

366.	One study found that the proportion of anger-related words in 148 million tweets from 1347 U.S. counties predicted the counties' heart disease rates. This research best illustrates the use of	
A)	a case study.	
B)	experimentation.	
C)	a survey.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

367.	Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer?	
A)	survey research	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	experimentation	
D)	the double-blind procedure	

368.	Researchers make no effort to manipulate or control variables when they engage in	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the double-blind procedure.	
C)	replication.	
D)	experimentation.	

369.	The survey is a research method in which	
A)	individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment.	
B)	a representative random sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors.	
C)	an individual or group is studied in great depth.	
D)	an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other.	

370.	You want to investigate the relationship between the political attitudes and economic status of North Americans. Which method should you use?	
A)	the survey	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	experimentation	
D)	the case study	

371.	Most of the people responding to a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These differing findings best illustrate the importance of	
A)	representative samples.	
B)	the placebo effect.	
C)	random assignment.	
D)	wording effects.	

372.	Researchers observe random samples because these samples are likely to be	
A)	easy to observe.	
B)	homogeneous.	
C)	representative.	
D)	easy to debrief.	

373.	The whole group from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)	
A)	control condition.	
B)	population.	
C)	case study.	
D)	independent variable.	

374.	To learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)	
A)	independent variable.	
B)	representative sample.	
C)	control condition.	
D)	population.	

375.	The children in Mrs. Shashoua's neighborhood make fun of her limp. She concludes that today's kids are typically cruel and insensitive. Mrs. Shashoua ought to remind herself that reasonable generalizations depend on	
A)	observing representative samples.	
B)	recognizing that others may not share our opinions.	
C)	realizing that correlation does not mean causation.	
D)	eliminating confounding variables.	

376.	A random sample of a large group of people is one in which	
A)	the number of people included in the sample is determined by chance.	
B)	every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample.	
C)	personality differences among those in the sample are practically nonexistent.	
D)	all of these situations are true.	

377.	Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?	
A)	random assignment	
B)	replication	
C)	naturalistic observation	
D)	random sampling	

378.	Website polls and call-in phone surveys often yield unrepresentative results because they fail to use	
A)	operational definitions.	
B)	random sampling.	
C)	independent variables.	
D)	double-blind procedures.	

379.	Which of the following is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together?	
A)	replication	
B)	experimentation	
C)	correlation	
D)	extrapolation	

380.	A correlation coefficient is a(n)	
A)	confounding variable.	
B)	statistical measure.	
C)	dependent variable.	
D)	double-blind procedure.	

381.	To assess the extent to which death rates increase as people age, researchers would most likely make use of	
A)	the double-blind procedure.	
B)	case studies.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	correlational measures.	

382.	Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades?	
A)	SQ3R	
B)	a random sample	
C)	a correlation coefficient	
D)	an independent variable	

383.	If university graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are	
A)	positively correlated.	
B)	independent variables.	
C)	dependent variables.	
D)	negatively correlated.	

384.	A correlation coefficient can range in value from	
A)	0 to 100.	
B)	0 to 1.00.	
C)	1 to 99.	
D)	–1.00 to +1.00.	

385.	A correlation of +1.00 between physical attractiveness and dating frequency would indicate that	
A)	physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.	
B)	more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.	
C)	it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on dating frequency.	
D)	less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.	

386.	A researcher would be MOST likely to discover a negative correlation between	
A)	body height and body weight.	
B)	self-esteem and depression.	
C)	education and personal wealth.	
D)	intelligence and academic success.	

387.	Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of	
A)	the placebo effect.	
B)	naturalistic observation.	
C)	confusing association with causation.	
D)	generalizing from unrepresentative samples.	

388.	If psychologists discovered that people who live at the poverty level have more aggressive children than wealthy people, this would clearly indicate that	
A)	poverty has a negative influence on children's behavior.	
B)	the factors that lead to poverty also cause aggressive behavior.	
C)	people's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

389.	A positive correlation between self-esteem and academic success would indicate that	
A)	a positive self-concept contributes to academic success.	
B)	academic success contributes to a favorable self-image.	
C)	those with high self-esteem are more academically successful than those with low self-esteem.	
D)	all of these statements are correct.	

390.	People with low self-esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression. This does not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions. Why?	
A)	Random sequences often don't look random.	
B)	A placebo effect may be operating.	
C)	Correlation does not prove causation.	
D)	Events seem more probable in hindsight.	

391.	Incorrectly interpreting a correlation between two factors as evidence of causation is best avoided by making use of	
A)	experiments.	
B)	survey research.	
C)	case studies.	
D)	naturalistic observation.	

392.	A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular effect is called a(n)	
A)	survey.	
B)	experiment.	
C)	case study.	
D)	correlation.	

393.	The experiment is a research method in which	
A)	a random sample of individuals are questioned about their opinions and behaviors.	
B)	individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment.	
C)	a researcher manipulates one or more factors that might affect behavior.	
D)	an individual is studied in great depth.	

394.	To maximize control over the factors they are studying, researchers engage in	
A)	case studies.	
B)	correlational research.	
C)	experimentation.	
D)	surveys.	

395.	Which of the following research methods would most effectively demonstrate that regular aerobic exercise improves people's memories?	
A)	experiment	
B)	naturalistic observation	
C)	survey	
D)	case study	

396.	Experimentation is more useful than correlational research for testing the claim that	
A)	children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive.	
B)	people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers.	
C)	people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by the consumption of alcohol.	
D)	people who drink higher-than-average amounts of coffee are also likely to drink higher-than-average amounts of tea.	

397.	Unlike correlational studies, experiments involve	
A)	operationally defining research procedures.	
B)	manipulating the factors of interest.	
C)	studying observable behaviors.	
D)	replication of previous research.	

398.	The most effective way of assessing the impact of hormone replacement therapy on women's health is by means of	
A)	case studies.	
B)	experiments.	
C)	correlational measurement.	
D)	naturalistic observations.	

399.	Random assignment is most likely to be used in ________ research.	
A)	survey	
B)	case study	
C)	correlational	
D)	experimental	

400.	To minimize any differences between participants who are in the control and experimental groups, psychologists make use of	
A)	random assignment.	
B)	replication.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	correlation.	

401.	A psychologist wants to be sure that her research findings do not result from age or personality differences between participants in the experimental and control groups. She should use	
A)	replication.	
B)	random assignment.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

402.	To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of people work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To be sure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels, the researchers should use	
A)	the case study.	
B)	correlational measurement.	
C)	naturalistic observation.	
D)	random assignment.	

403.	Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.	
A)	correlational studies; case studies	
B)	surveys; experiments	
C)	replication; correlation	
D)	description; prediction	

404.	In an experiment, the experimental group is the group that	
A)	receives a placebo.	
B)	is informed about which treatment they are receiving.	
C)	is exposed to the treatment being tested by the experiment.	
D)	is not fully debriefed following the completion of the experiment.	

405.	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment being tested is called the ________ group.	
A)	standardized	
B)	naturalistic	
C)	placebo	
D)	control	

406.	In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug for treating diabetes, research participants who receive a placebo have been assigned to the ________ group.	
A)	dependent variable	
B)	correlational	
C)	experimental	
D)	control	

407.	To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)	
A)	dependent variable.	
B)	independent variable.	
C)	control group.	
D)	experimental group.	

408.	To investigate the impact of distracting sounds on learning effectiveness, research participants tried to memorize lists of words in either a quiet or a noisy setting. Participants in the quiet setting were assigned to the ______ group.	
A)	survey	
B)	experimental	
C)	correlational	
D)	control	

409.	In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, groups of monkeys were raised in either a smoke-free or smoky environment. Monkeys in the smoky environment were assigned to the _______ group.	
A)	correlational	
B)	survey	
C)	control	
D)	experimental	

410.	In a drug-treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a	
A)	random sample.	
B)	double blind.	
C)	replication.	
D)	placebo.	

411.	Research participants and research staff are unaware of which participants received a placebo and which participants received an actual drug. This illustrates	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	the testing effect.	
C)	a confounding variable.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

412.	A group of experimenters want to test the effectiveness of a well-known and expensive brand of pain pills against the effectiveness of a lesser-known and cheaper brand. To prevent any expectations about brand effectiveness from influencing their experimental test, the researchers are likely to make use of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	replication.	
C)	operational definitions.	
D)	the double-blind procedure.	

413.	The double-blind procedure is most likely to be used in ________ research.	
A)	survey	
B)	case study	
C)	correlational	
D)	experimental	

414.	Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of	
A)	naturalistic observation.	
B)	a confounding variable.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	random sampling.	

415.	The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by	
A)	replication.	
B)	debriefing.	
C)	the placebo effect.	
D)	hindsight bias.	

416.	In a psychological experiment, researchers are interested in studying the potential effects of the ________ variable.	
A)	dependent	
B)	confounding	
C)	independent	
D)	random	

417.	Distinguishing between an experimental group and a control group is most relevant to specifying the nature of	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	confounding variables.	
C)	a correlation coefficient.	
D)	independent variables.	

418.	To study some effects of drinking alcohol, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who had just drunk either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of	
A)	the age of the research participants.	
B)	the physical coordination skills of the research participants.	
C)	the amount of alcohol the men drank.	
D)	the effects of drinking alcohol	

419.	Which procedure is most likely to be used to control for possible confounding variables?	
A)	debriefing	
B)	informed consent	
C)	random assignment	
D)	naturalistic observation	

420.	The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor	
A)	that is directly manipulated by the investigator.	
B)	that may be influenced by the experimental treatment.	
C)	whose effect is being studied.	
D)	that causes the behavior being studied.	

421.	In an experimental study of the extent to which sexual arousal is stimulated by laughter, sexual arousal would be the	
A)	control condition.	
B)	experimental condition.	
C)	independent variable.	
D)	dependent variable.	

422.	Conducting a case study best illustrates	
A)	random sampling.	
B)	correlational research.	
C)	the double-blind procedure.	
D)	a descriptive method.	

423.	Psychology experiments are typically designed to	
A)	test principles that help explain behavior.	
B)	observe behaviors that are unobservable outside the laboratory.	
C)	re-create the naturally occurring conditions that influence people's daily behaviors.	
D)	observe a truly random sample of human or animal behavior.	

424.	Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women perceived as very beautiful receive special treatment. This best illustrates that ________ play a role in the special treatment people receive in varied settings.	
A)	common underlying principles	
B)	gender differences	
C)	unconscious preferences	
D)	wording effects	

425.	Psychologists study animals because	
A)	they want to understand how different species think and behave.	
B)	animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology.	
C)	it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans.	
D)	of all of these reasons.	

426.	Evidence indicates that most animal researchers	
A)	support government regulations protecting the humane care of animals used in research.	
B)	believe the well-being of animals used in research studies should be placed above the well-being of humans.	
C)	think animals should be used only in research studies that directly benefit the animals involved in those studies.	
D)	insist that animals should be fully debriefed following their use in research studies.	

427.	The British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association have issued guidelines for animal research. These guidelines call for	
A)	housing social animals with companions.	
B)	ensuring the health of research animals.	
C)	minimizing the infliction of pain on research animals.	
D)	all of these requirements.	

428.	Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment in order to prevent them from	
A)	worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience.	
B)	realizing that their privacy is being violated.	
C)	deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment.	
D)	trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions.	

429.	Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge investigators to	
A)	forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.	
B)	avoid the use of laboratory experiments when the behaviors of interest can be directly observed in natural settings.	
C)	ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research.	
D)	avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.	

430.	The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right to	
A)	choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.	
B)	know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group.	
C)	replicate the results of a research study.	
D)	be fully debriefed following their participation in research.	

431.	Debriefing refers to	
A)	a technique for assessing the attitudes of those who respond to a survey.	
B)	repeating a research study with a different set of participants than those in the original study.	
C)	a procedure designed to inhibit the placebo effect.	
D)	explaining a research study to participants after the study is completed.	

432.	The personal values of psychologists are likely to influence their choice of	
A)	topics of investigation.	
B)	research methods.	
C)	explanatory theories.	
D)	topics, methods, and theories.	

433.	An understanding of behavior and mental processes can be misused to manipulate people. That's why some worry about the potential dangers of	
A)	confounding variables.	
B)	informed consent.	
C)	experimental debriefing.	
D)	psychology.	

434.	Psychological research indicates that people who are happier and more productive than average are those who develop a habit of	
A)	overestimating how much they can accomplish.	
B)	managing their time to get a full night's sleep.	
C)	multitasking and dual processing.	
D)	living spontaneously without focusing on long-term goals.	

435.	Viewing one's intellectual skills as similar to a muscle that gets stronger with exercise is characteristic of those who	
A)	favor massed practice over spaced practice.	
B)	avoid engaging in dual processing.	
C)	adopt a biopsychosocial approach.	
D)	have a growth mind-set.	

436.	The enhanced memory that accompanies repeated self-testing of material learned earlier best illustrates the value of	
A)	replication.	
B)	retrieval practice.	
C)	random sampling.	
D)	informed consent.	

437.	The SQ3R method encourages students to	
A)	read each text chapter quickly in order to minimize boredom.	
B)	read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn.	
C)	survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself.	
D)	read entire text chapters at one sitting in order to maximize comprehension.	

438.	For effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value of	
A)	spaced practice and overlearning.	
B)	speed reading and massed practice.	
C)	informed consent and debriefing.	
D)	all of these practices.	

439.	To remember important ideas presented in class lectures, you would be best advised to	
A)	write them down.	
B)	take deep breaths.	
C)	monitor your heart rate.	
D)	engage in massed practice.	

Answer Key

1.		
2.		
3.		
4.		
5.		
6.		
7.		
8.	C	
9.	D	
10.	B	
11.	C	
12.	D	
13.	D	
14.	B	
15.	B	
16.	D	
17.	D	
18.	D	
19.	A	
20.	D	
21.	A	
22.	C	
23.	C	
24.	B	
25.	D	
26.	B	
27.	D	
28.	A	
29.	D	
30.	C	
31.	B	
32.	C	
33.	B	
34.	B	
35.	D	
36.	A	
37.	A	
38.	C	
39.	C	
40.	B	
41.	A	
42.	C	
43.	C	
44.	C	
45.	D	
46.	D	
47.	B	
48.	A	
49.	D	
50.	C	
51.	B	
52.	C	
53.	C	
54.	A	
55.	D	
56.	B	
57.	B	
58.	D	
59.	C	
60.	B	
61.	D	
62.	D	
63.	C	
64.	C	
65.	A	
66.	B	
67.	C	
68.	B	
69.	C	
70.	D	
71.	C	
72.	D	
73.	D	
74.	A	
75.	B	
76.	C	
77.	D	
78.	D	
79.	D	
80.	C	
81.	D	
82.	B	
83.	D	
84.	D	
85.	B	
86.	C	
87.	B	
88.	D	
89.	B	
90.	B	
91.	C	
92.	D	
93.	C	
94.	B	
95.	C	
96.	B	
97.	D	
98.	A	
99.	A	
100.	B	
101.	C	
102.	D	
103.	B	
104.	A	
105.	A	
106.	C	
107.	A	
108.	C	
109.	B	
110.	C	
111.	C	
112.	D	
113.	C	
114.	C	
115.	A	
116.	B	
117.	A	
118.	B	
119.	C	
120.	C	
121.	B	
122.	B	
123.	C	
124.	B	
125.	D	
126.	B	
127.	C	
128.	A	
129.	D	
130.	A	
131.	B	
132.	D	
133.	A	
134.	C	
135.	C	
136.	B	
137.	D	
138.	D	
139.	A	
140.	A	
141.	B	
142.	C	
143.	A	
144.	B	
145.	C	
146.	D	
147.	A	
148.	B	
149.	C	
150.	B	
151.	B	
152.	D	
153.	C	
154.	B	
155.	B	
156.	B	
157.	C	
158.	D	
159.	C	
160.	D	
161.	A	
162.	A	
163.	A	
164.	C	
165.	B	
166.	B	
167.	D	
168.	D	
169.	C	
170.	B	
171.	D	
172.	A	
173.	D	
174.	C	
175.	C	
176.	B	
177.	D	
178.	C	
179.	D	
180.	D	
181.	B	
182.	D	
183.	D	
184.	C	
185.	A	
186.	C	
187.	B	
188.	D	
189.	C	
190.	D	
191.	D	
192.	B	
193.	D	
194.	C	
195.	B	
196.	D	
197.	A	
198.	C	
199.	A	
200.	C	
201.	B	
202.	C	
203.	C	
204.	C	
205.	A	
206.	C	
207.	B	
208.	D	
209.	D	
210.	C	
211.	C	
212.	B	
213.	B	
214.	B	
215.	C	
216.	D	
217.	A	
218.	C	
219.	B	
220.	C	
221.	D	
222.	D	
223.	A	
224.	D	
225.	C	
226.	C	
227.	D	
228.	B	
229.	D	
230.	C	
231.	C	
232.	C	
233.	D	
234.	C	
235.	C	
236.	D	
237.	B	
238.	C	
239.	B	
240.	D	
241.	C	
242.	B	
243.	B	
244.	D	
245.	D	
246.	D	
247.	D	
248.	B	
249.	C	
250.	A	
251.	B	
252.	B	
253.	A	
254.	B	
255.	A	
256.	D	
257.	B	
258.	C	
259.	B	
260.	C	
261.	B	
262.	B	
263.	B	
264.	A	
265.	C	
266.	C	
267.	A	
268.	B	
269.	B	
270.	C	
271.	C	
272.	C	
273.	D	
274.	C	
275.	D	
276.	D	
277.	C	
278.	D	
279.	B	
280.	B	
281.	C	
282.	D	
283.	C	
284.	B	
285.	B	
286.	C	
287.	A	
288.	A	
289.	B	
290.	A	
291.	D	
292.	B	
293.	D	
294.	D	
295.	B	
296.	C	
297.	D	
298.	D	
299.	B	
300.	B	
301.	B	
302.	C	
303.	C	
304.	D	
305.	B	
306.	B	
307.	B	
308.	D	
309.	A	
310.	A	
311.	B	
312.	A	
313.	D	
314.	C	
315.	C	
316.	D	
317.	B	
318.	D	
319.	D	
320.	D	
321.	C	
322.	C	
323.	D	
324.	C	
325.	D	
326.	A	
327.	B	
328.	C	
329.	C	
330.	C	
331.	C	
332.	B	
333.	C	
334.	C	
335.	C	
336.	B	
337.	D	
338.	B	
339.	D	
340.	A	
341.	A	
342.	C	
343.	C	
344.	D	
345.	C	
346.	D	
347.	D	
348.	D	
349.	D	
350.	D	
351.	C	
352.	D	
353.	A	
354.	C	
355.	C	
356.	A	
357.	B	
358.	C	
359.	C	
360.	D	
361.	B	
362.	D	
363.	A	
364.	A	
365.	D	
366.	D	
367.	B	
368.	A	
369.	B	
370.	A	
371.	D	
372.	C	
373.	B	
374.	D	
375.	A	
376.	B	
377.	D	
378.	B	
379.	C	
380.	B	
381.	D	
382.	C	
383.	A	
384.	D	
385.	D	
386.	B	
387.	C	
388.	C	
389.	C	
390.	C	
391.	A	
392.	B	
393.	C	
394.	C	
395.	A	
396.	C	
397.	B	
398.	B	
399.	D	
400.	A	
401.	B	
402.	D	
403.	B	
404.	C	
405.	D	
406.	D	
407.	C	
408.	D	
409.	D	
410.	D	
411.	D	
412.	D	
413.	D	
414.	C	
415.	C	
416.	C	
417.	D	
418.	C	
419.	C	
420.	B	
421.	D	
422.	D	
423.	A	
424.	A	
425.	D	
426.	A	
427.	D	
428.	D	
429.	C	
430.	A	
431.	D	
432.	D	
433.	D	
434.	B	
435.	D	
436.	B	
437.	C	
438.	A	
439.	A